Historia de Hawai
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La historia de Hawai incluye fases de la primer asentamiento polinesio, el descubrimiento británico, la inmigración euro-americana y asiática, el derrocamiento de la monarquía hawaiana, un breve perido de existencia como república y la admisión en los Estados Unidos como territorio y luego como estado.
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[editar] Descubrimiento y asentamiento
Las islas fueron colonizadas por polinesios que viajaron a Hawai usando large double-hulled canoes. Trajeron cerdos, perros, gallinas, taro, patatas dulces, cocos, bananas, azúcar de caña, y mucho más.
. Under this pressure, Liliʻ uokalani gave up her throne to the Committee of Safety. The Queen's statement yielding authority, on January 17, 1893, also pleaded for justice:
- I Liliʻ
uokalani, by the Grace of God and under the Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Queen, do hereby solemnly protest against any and all acts done against myself and the Constitutional Government of the Hawaiian Kingdom by certain persons claiming to have established a Provisional Government of and for this Kingdom.
- That I yield to the superior force of the United States of America whose Minister Plenipotentiary, His Excellency John L. Stevens, has caused United States troops to be landed at Honolulu and declared that he would support the Provisional Government.
- Now to avoid any collision of armed forces, and perhaps the loss of life, I do this under protest and impelled by said force yield my authority until such time as the Government of the United States shall, upon facts being presented to it, undo the action of its representatives and reinstate me in the authority which I claim as the Constitutional Sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands.
An immediate investigation into the events of the overthrow was commissioned by President Cleveland was conducted by former Congressman James Henderson Blount. The Blount Report was completed on July 17 1893 and concluded that "United States diplomatic and military representatives had abused their authority and were responsible for the change in government."[cita requerida]
Minister Stevens was recalled, and the military commander of forces in Hawaiʻ i was forced to resign his commission. President Cleveland stated "Substantial wrong has thus been done which a due regard for our national character as well as the rights of the injured people requires we should endeavor to repair the monarchy." Cleveland further stated in his 1893 State of the Union Address<ref>Grover Cleveland, State of the Union Address, 1893</ref> and that, "Upon the facts developed it seemed to me the only honorable course for our Government to pursue was to undo the wrong that had been done by those representing us and to restore as far as practicable the status existing at the time of our forcible intervention." Submitting the matter to Congress on December 18, 1893, after President Sanford Dole refused to reinstate the Queen on Cleveland's command, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee under Chairman Morgan, continued investigation into the matter.
On February 26, 1894, the Morgan Report was submitted, contradicting the Blount Report and finding Stevens and the U.S. troops "not guilty" of any involvement in the overthrow. The report asserted that, "The complaint by Liliuokalani in the protest that she sent to the President of the United States and dated the 18th day of January, is not, in the opinion of the committee, well founded in fact or in justice."<ref>Reports of Committee on Foreign Relations 1789-1901 Volume 6 (The Morgan Report), p385</ref> After submission of the Morgan Report, Cleveland chose not to pursue the matter further and conducted normal diplomatic relations with the Provisional Government and later, the Republic of Hawaiʻ i. He rebuffed further entreaties from the Queen to intervene further in the matter.
The Republic of Hawaiʻ i was established July 4, 1894 under the presidency of Sanford Dole. Imagen:Hawaii petition against annexation image1.jpg
In 1895, a failed rebellion led by Robert Wilcox attempted to overthrow the Republic of Hawaii, and led to the conviction and imprisonment of the former Queen Liliuokalani.
In 1896, William McKinley succeeded Cleveland as president. Two years later, he signed the Newlands Resolution which provided for the official annexation of Hawaiʻ i on July 7, 1898 and the islands officially became Hawaiʻ i Territory, a United States territory, on February 22, 1900.
The overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻ i and the subsequent annexation of Hawaiʻ i has recently been cited as the first major instance of American imperialism.<ref>Kinzer, Stephen (2006). Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq. University of Hawaii Press, 384.</ref>
[editar] American Territory
The territorial legislature convened for the first time on February 20, 1901.
An attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 by the Empire of Japan was a trigger for the United States' entry into World War II. Up until that time, most Americans had never heard of Pearl Harbor, even though it had great importance to the US Navy.
[editar] Statehood
President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed a bill on March 18, 1959 which allowed for Hawaiian statehood. Hawaiʻ i formally became the 50th state of the Union on August 21, 1959 after a vote of over 94% in favor of statehood.
The Democratic Party became a dominant force in state politics shortly after World War II. Democrats have held a majority in both houses of the state legislature since statehood, and held the governorship for 40 years, from 1962 to 2002.
[editar] Modern sovereignty movements
For some, the manner in which Hawaiʻ i became a U.S. possession has been a bitter part of its history in recent years. Although native Hawaiians disbanded their anti-annexation political parties and created the Home Rule Party of Hawaiʻ i to dominate the Territorial government after annexation, and fought for statehood for decades, in recent decades there have been various small scale ethnic "sovereignty" movements. There is a wide continuum of political positions within the sovereignty movement, ranging from supporters of the Akaka Bill (which has the support of many both Democratic and Republican Party politicians in Hawaii) to advocates of secession from the United States.
With the support of U.S. Senators Daniel Inouye and Daniel Akaka of Hawaiʻ i, Congress passed the "Apology Resolution" (US Public Law 103-150), a joint resolution of the United States Congress. It was signed by President Bill Clinton on November 23, 1993. This resolution explicitly apologized "to Native Hawaiians on behalf of the people of the United States for the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii on January 17, 1893... and the deprivation of the rights of Native Hawaiians to self-determination."
The historical and factual basis of the apology has been criticized by constitutional lawyer and scholar Bruce Fein<ref>Hawaii Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand, by Bruce Fein</ref>, Hawaii-based researcher and activist Kenneth Conklin <ref>HAWAIIAN APARTHEID, Racial Separatism and Ethnic Nationalism in the Aloha State by Kenneth R. Conklin, Ph.D.</ref> and native Hawaiian scholar Rubellite K. Johnson (descendant of Kamehameha the Great and one of the founders of the Hawaiian Studies programs at the University of Hawaii).<ref name=johnson>The Wall Street Journal, August 8, 2005</ref>. Ms. Johnson has been quoted as saying that "..much of the history taught at her old university and now used to justify the Akaka Bill is 'a distortion of the truth.'"<ref name=johnson/></blockquote>
Sen. Akaka is also author of a bill that would extend federal recognition to Native Hawaiians as a sovereign group similar to Native American tribes, by providing a process for the reorganization of the single Native Hawaiian governing entity, and reaffirming the special political and legal relationship between the United States and the Native Hawaiian governing entity for purposes of continuing a government-to-government relationship. Critics suggest such actions are unprecedented and that the provisions of the Akaka Bill would grant recognition to Native Hawaiians without any of the same qualifications necessary for tribal recognition. The "Akaka Bill" was recently brought up in the Senate, however, a movement to vote on the measure failed by 56 to 41 votes - four votes short of the necessary 60 votes to invoke cloture.
[editar] References
<references />
- Daws, Gavan, Shoal of Time: A History of the Hawaiian Islands, Macmillan, New York, 1968. Paperback edition, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1974
- Kuykendall, R., Hawaiian Kingdom, 3 vols, 1938-1967
[editar] External links
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